I doubt there is a fuse solely for the fuel gauge, most likely the majority of the instrument panel will be on the same circuit and share a fuse.

Jump starting is one of the things to be avoided with computerised vehicles due to the risk of causing a damaging voltage surge. While this is a possibility the other possibility, the fuel gauge has failed because of another fault shouldn't be overlooked. Coincidences do happen...

I suggest you begin by checking the fuel tank gauge sender unit ground and the internal rheostat with an ohmmeter. Grounding the gauge wire at the tank should produce a full tank reading at the gauge if the supply, gauge and wiring is ok...