Fsck will do a standard filesystem check in Linux. Read the fsck manual pages (man fsck - from terminal) for usage instructions. Additionally, most drive manufacturers make a diagnostic boot disk you can download to check the drive for further errors than fsck can.
If you are still having problems after using the drive manufacturer's tools. and assuming your drive passes those tests, you can always try a low-level format with DBAN or a similar tool to completely erase the entire drive (this will completely erase every part of the drive, even the partition map and master boot record thereby requiring a reinstall of all software). From there, you can decide if your drive needs further repair / replacement.
Answers & Comments
This might be what you are looking for
1 - run the desktop cd
2 - unmount the drives that you want to check
3 - run chkfs (or ckfs) on those partitions
Fsck will do a standard filesystem check in Linux. Read the fsck manual pages (man fsck - from terminal) for usage instructions. Additionally, most drive manufacturers make a diagnostic boot disk you can download to check the drive for further errors than fsck can.
If you are still having problems after using the drive manufacturer's tools. and assuming your drive passes those tests, you can always try a low-level format with DBAN or a similar tool to completely erase the entire drive (this will completely erase every part of the drive, even the partition map and master boot record thereby requiring a reinstall of all software). From there, you can decide if your drive needs further repair / replacement.
Hope this helps!
SlaeYer